English grammar

A clear, learner-focused reference to English grammar. Every rule links back to real dictionary entries with pronunciation, examples and CEFR levels so you can see grammar in use, not just described.

Core grammar articles

Countable and uncountable nouns

Countable nouns have singular and plural forms (a book / two books). Uncountable nouns (water, information, advice) do not — they take singular verbs and cannot use 'a/an'. Use 'some', 'much' or 'a piece of' with uncountables.

She gave me some advice.
How much water do you drink?
I bought three books.

Present simple vs present continuous

Use the present simple for habits, routines and permanent facts. Use the present continuous for actions happening now or around now, and for temporary situations. State verbs (know, believe, own) are usually not used in continuous.

I work in London. (routine)
I am working from home this week. (temporary)
The sun rises in the east. (fact)

Present perfect vs past simple

Present perfect connects the past to now: unfinished time, life experience, or recent past with present result. Past simple is for finished actions at a finished time (yesterday, in 2019).

I have lived here for five years.
I lived in Paris in 2019.
Have you ever tried sushi?

Articles: a, an, the

Use 'a/an' for singular countable nouns mentioned for the first time or when the item is one of many. Use 'the' when both speaker and listener know which one, for unique things, and for superlatives.

I saw a dog. The dog was black.
The sun is bright today.
She is the best in class.

Prepositions of time and place

'At' for exact points (at 6pm, at the door), 'on' for days and surfaces (on Monday, on the table), 'in' for enclosed spaces and longer periods (in the room, in July, in 2026).

Meet me at the station at 7.
Her birthday is on 5 June.
He was born in 1998.

Modal verbs of possibility

Modals like 'may', 'might', 'could' express possibility now or in the future. 'Must' expresses strong deduction. 'Can't' is the negative deduction.

It might rain later.
She must be tired — she worked all night.
That can't be true.

Comparatives and superlatives

Short adjectives take -er / -est (fast, faster, fastest). Longer adjectives use 'more' / 'most' (interesting, more interesting, most interesting). Irregulars: good/better/best, bad/worse/worst.

Today is hotter than yesterday.
It's the most beautiful city I've seen.
Her English is better than mine.

Reported speech

In reported speech, tenses usually shift back one step (present → past, will → would). Time and place references also change (today → that day, here → there).

'I am tired.' → He said he was tired.
'I will call you.' → She said she would call me.
'I saw it yesterday.' → He said he had seen it the day before.

Grammar in every entry

Dictionary pages connect definitions to part of speech, usage notes, examples, citations and related words so learners can see how a word behaves in real English.